2024
Gad, Nikolai; Heldt, Eugénia C.; Csehi, Robert
Divergent Attitudes of Eurosceptic Parties Towards Intergovernmental and Supranational EU Institutions Journal Article
In: JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 2024.
@article{nokey,
title = {Divergent Attitudes of Eurosceptic Parties Towards Intergovernmental and Supranational EU Institutions},
author = {Nikolai Gad and Eugénia C. Heldt and Robert Csehi},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1111/jcms.13701},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-12-09},
urldate = {2024-10-31},
journal = {JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies},
abstract = {How do Eurosceptic parties position themselves regarding individual European Union (EU) institutions? Using Euromanifesto data from 1979 to 2019, this study addresses this question by disaggregating the attitudes of party families towards separate intergovernmental and supranational EU institutions. It focuses on the relationship between the identities of radical left- and right-wing parties and Euroscepticism. The findings reveal that post-communist parties are more sceptical of intergovernmental institutions than nationalist parties, whilst nationalist parties are more sceptical of supranational institutions. Despite widespread Euroscepticism in both nationalist and post-communist party families, nationalist parties' attitudes towards intergovernmental institutions align with those of other party families. In contrast, post-communist parties support the transfer of more competences to the European Parliament but are sceptical of intergovernmental institutions. These results suggest that foundational party identities influence party-based Euroscepticism, which has implications for the EU's handling of increasing Euroscepticism.},
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How do Eurosceptic parties position themselves regarding individual European Union (EU) institutions? Using Euromanifesto data from 1979 to 2019, this study addresses this question by disaggregating the attitudes of party families towards separate intergovernmental and supranational EU institutions. It focuses on the relationship between the identities of radical left- and right-wing parties and Euroscepticism. The findings reveal that post-communist parties are more sceptical of intergovernmental institutions than nationalist parties, whilst nationalist parties are more sceptical of supranational institutions. Despite widespread Euroscepticism in both nationalist and post-communist party families, nationalist parties' attitudes towards intergovernmental institutions align with those of other party families. In contrast, post-communist parties support the transfer of more competences to the European Parliament but are sceptical of intergovernmental institutions. These results suggest that foundational party identities influence party-based Euroscepticism, which has implications for the EU's handling of increasing Euroscepticism.
Heldt, Eugénia C.; Fioretos, Orfeo
The IMF and the Future of the Liberal International Order Book Chapter
In: Momani, Bessma; Hibben, Mark (Ed.): The Oxford Handbook of the International Monetary Fund, Chapter 36, Oxford University Press, 2024, ISBN: 9780192858405.
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title = {The IMF and the Future of the Liberal International Order},
author = {Eugénia C. Heldt and Orfeo Fioretos},
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year = {2024},
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booktitle = {The Oxford Handbook of the International Monetary Fund},
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chapter = {36},
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abstract = {Over 80 years, the IMF has been challenged by global power shifts, a more diverse membership, crises of legitimacy, populist backlash, and a more complex global institutional landscape that includes regional and informal economic institutions in its traditional areas of expertise. This contribution explores what past responses portend for the future of IMF beyond the Covid-19 pandemic. It argues that the IMF has overcome multiple past challenges without undergoing radical restructuring or becoming a peripheral organization by undertaking frequent and at times wide-ranging incremental changes to policies and governance structures. It shows how IMF adjusted to a more complex global landscape by expanding its scope and mandate to domains such as gender equality, climate change, sustainable development goals, and global health all while maintaining and boosting its expertise in the monetary and financial areas. The contribution concludes that the IMF has been a resilient organization that will likely experience similar developments in the future and maintain its centrality in the liberal international order.},
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Over 80 years, the IMF has been challenged by global power shifts, a more diverse membership, crises of legitimacy, populist backlash, and a more complex global institutional landscape that includes regional and informal economic institutions in its traditional areas of expertise. This contribution explores what past responses portend for the future of IMF beyond the Covid-19 pandemic. It argues that the IMF has overcome multiple past challenges without undergoing radical restructuring or becoming a peripheral organization by undertaking frequent and at times wide-ranging incremental changes to policies and governance structures. It shows how IMF adjusted to a more complex global landscape by expanding its scope and mandate to domains such as gender equality, climate change, sustainable development goals, and global health all while maintaining and boosting its expertise in the monetary and financial areas. The contribution concludes that the IMF has been a resilient organization that will likely experience similar developments in the future and maintain its centrality in the liberal international order.
Heldt, Eugénia C.; Dörfler, Thomas
Revitalizing the World Bank: Engagement with the Private Sector and Scope Expansion Book Chapter
In: Vetterlein, Antje; Schmidtke, Tobias (Ed.): The Elgar Companion to the World Bank, Chapter 12, pp. 143–153, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2024, ISBN: 9781802204773.
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abstract = {The World Bank has significantly shifted its multilateral development financing model in recent years, mobilizing private capital to finance projects of the International Development Association. What induced this major shift in the financing of the World Bank? This chapter argues that the World Bank received criticisms from several directions and was losing its focality in multilateral development financing. To cope with these new challenges, the Bank reinvented itself by resorting to private capital markets and widening the scope of its activities to include new transnational governance domains - including climate change, health, and gender issues. The chapter concludes by briefly reflecting on the consequences of resorting to private investors to finance multilateral development finance.},
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The World Bank has significantly shifted its multilateral development financing model in recent years, mobilizing private capital to finance projects of the International Development Association. What induced this major shift in the financing of the World Bank? This chapter argues that the World Bank received criticisms from several directions and was losing its focality in multilateral development financing. To cope with these new challenges, the Bank reinvented itself by resorting to private capital markets and widening the scope of its activities to include new transnational governance domains - including climate change, health, and gender issues. The chapter concludes by briefly reflecting on the consequences of resorting to private investors to finance multilateral development finance.
Heldt, Eugénia C.
Time in International Organizations and International Organizations in Time Book Chapter
In: Goetz, Klaus H. (Ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Time and Politics, Chapter 19., Oxford University Press, 2., 2024, ISBN: 9780190862084.
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Heldt, Eugénia C.; Camacho, Elena Ríos; Mueller, Tony
In Europe We Trust: Selecting and Empowering EU Institutions in Disruptive Sircumstances Journal Article
In: Journal of European Integration, vol. 46, iss. 2, pp. 235-255, 2024.
@article{nokey,
title = {In Europe We Trust: Selecting and Empowering EU Institutions in Disruptive Sircumstances},
author = {Eugénia C. Heldt and Elena Ríos Camacho and Tony Mueller },
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2023.2272037},
year = {2024},
date = {2024-00-00},
urldate = {2024-00-00},
journal = {Journal of European Integration},
volume = {46},
issue = {2},
pages = {235-255},
abstract = {Over the past decade, the European Union (EU) made significant strides in economic and fiscal policy integration without formal treaty-based changes. After the euro crisis, member states granted the European Central Bank banking supervisory powers. During the pandemic, they entrusted the European Commission with raising EU debt through NextGenerationEurope. This article examines the empowerment of supranational institutions as a deliberate ajustment to disruptive circumstances. By so doing, it demonstrates that empowerment can happen through legislative acts and joint decisions by member states. The study reveals that when states have multiple agent options, like in the banking union, they select the institution they trust the most. Conversely, in nested delegation games, extensive monitoring and reporting requirements, as in the case of NextGenerationEurope, are aimed at avoiding the defection of single member states, what we call ”principal slack”, at the implementation stage.},
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Over the past decade, the European Union (EU) made significant strides in economic and fiscal policy integration without formal treaty-based changes. After the euro crisis, member states granted the European Central Bank banking supervisory powers. During the pandemic, they entrusted the European Commission with raising EU debt through NextGenerationEurope. This article examines the empowerment of supranational institutions as a deliberate ajustment to disruptive circumstances. By so doing, it demonstrates that empowerment can happen through legislative acts and joint decisions by member states. The study reveals that when states have multiple agent options, like in the banking union, they select the institution they trust the most. Conversely, in nested delegation games, extensive monitoring and reporting requirements, as in the case of NextGenerationEurope, are aimed at avoiding the defection of single member states, what we call ”principal slack”, at the implementation stage.
2023
Heldt, Eugénia C.
Europe’s Global Gateway: A New Instrument of Geopolitics Journal Article
In: Politics and Governance, vol. 11, iss. 4, 2023.
@article{10.17645/pag.v11i4.7098,
title = {Europe’s Global Gateway: A New Instrument of Geopolitics},
author = {Eugénia C. Heldt},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v11i4.7098},
year = {2023},
date = {2023-00-00},
urldate = {2023-01-01},
journal = {Politics and Governance},
volume = {11},
issue = {4},
abstract = {In December 2021, the EU member states agreed on the Global Gateway strategy to mobilize public and private funds of up to €300 billion between 2021 and 2027, to invest in digital, climate and energy, transport, health, education, and research fields. With a geographical focus on Africa, Global Gateway links infrastructure investment projects with condition principles—including democratic values, good governance, and transparency—and catalyzes private investment into EU development financing. Against this backdrop, this study explores why EU member states agreed on this new geopolitical instrument. This piece posits that the confluence of three factors enabled the creation of Global Gateway. First, the EU established this new instrument to counter China’s role as a global infrastructure lender in Africa. Second, Global Gateway was possible through the shift to private investment in multilateral development financing. Equally important for the establishment of Global Gateway was the European Commission’s transformational leadership as an entrepreneurial agent in designing this geopolitical strategy of the EU’s power projection. The conclusion outlines future research avenues and enables readers to consider the wider prospects and caveats of the Global Gateway strategy.},
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In December 2021, the EU member states agreed on the Global Gateway strategy to mobilize public and private funds of up to €300 billion between 2021 and 2027, to invest in digital, climate and energy, transport, health, education, and research fields. With a geographical focus on Africa, Global Gateway links infrastructure investment projects with condition principles—including democratic values, good governance, and transparency—and catalyzes private investment into EU development financing. Against this backdrop, this study explores why EU member states agreed on this new geopolitical instrument. This piece posits that the confluence of three factors enabled the creation of Global Gateway. First, the EU established this new instrument to counter China’s role as a global infrastructure lender in Africa. Second, Global Gateway was possible through the shift to private investment in multilateral development financing. Equally important for the establishment of Global Gateway was the European Commission’s transformational leadership as an entrepreneurial agent in designing this geopolitical strategy of the EU’s power projection. The conclusion outlines future research avenues and enables readers to consider the wider prospects and caveats of the Global Gateway strategy.
2022
Heldt, Eugénia C.; Dörfler, Thomas
Orchestrating Private Investors for Development: How the World Bank Revitalizes Journal Article
In: Regulation & Governance, vol. 16, iss. 4, pp. 1382-1398, 2022.
@article{10.1111/rego.12432,
title = {Orchestrating Private Investors for Development: How the World Bank Revitalizes},
author = {Eugénia C. Heldt and Thomas Dörfler},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1177/14651165221098487},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-10-01},
urldate = {2022-10-01},
journal = {Regulation & Governance},
volume = {16},
issue = {4},
pages = {1382-1398},
abstract = {Confronted with a new wave of criticism on the in effectiveness of its development programs, the World Bank embarked on a revitalization process, turning to private investors to finance International Development Association projects and widening its mandate. To explain these adaptation strategies of the World Bank to regain relevance, this piece draws on organizational ecology and orchestration scholarship. We contend that international organizations rely on two adaptation mechanisms, orchestration and scope expansion, when they lose their role as focal actors in an issue area. We find that the World Bank has indeed lost market share and has relied on these two mechanisms to revitalize itself. We show that the World Bank responded to changes in the environment by orchestrating a private sector-oriented capital increase, prioritizing private funding for development through a “cascade approach,” and expanding the scope of its mandate into adjacent domains of transnational governance, including climate change and global health.},
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Confronted with a new wave of criticism on the in effectiveness of its development programs, the World Bank embarked on a revitalization process, turning to private investors to finance International Development Association projects and widening its mandate. To explain these adaptation strategies of the World Bank to regain relevance, this piece draws on organizational ecology and orchestration scholarship. We contend that international organizations rely on two adaptation mechanisms, orchestration and scope expansion, when they lose their role as focal actors in an issue area. We find that the World Bank has indeed lost market share and has relied on these two mechanisms to revitalize itself. We show that the World Bank responded to changes in the environment by orchestrating a private sector-oriented capital increase, prioritizing private funding for development through a “cascade approach,” and expanding the scope of its mandate into adjacent domains of transnational governance, including climate change and global health.
Heldt, Eugénia C.
China und die BRICS in globalen ökonomischen Institutionen Book Chapter
In: Schirm, Stefan A.; Busch, Andreas; Lütz, Susanne; Walter, Stefanie; Zimmermann, Hubert (Ed.): De-Globalisierung, pp. 123-138, Nomos, 2022, ISBN: 978-3-8487-7503-3.
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title = {China und die BRICS in globalen ökonomischen Institutionen},
author = {Eugénia C. Heldt},
editor = {Stefan A. Schirm and Andreas Busch and Susanne Lütz and Stefanie Walter and Hubert Zimmermann},
url = {https://www.nomos-shop.de/nomos/titel/de-globalisierung-id-107910/},
isbn = {978-3-8487-7503-3},
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booktitle = {De-Globalisierung},
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abstract = {Dieser Band unternimmt eine Bestandsaufnahme der internationalen politikwissenschaftlichen Forschung über die verschiedenen Facetten der De-Globalisierung. Er folgt auf den Band „Globalisierung. Forschungsstand und Perspektiven“ in die Buchreihe „Internationale Politische Ökonomie“ im Nomos Verlag (Schirm (Hrsg.) 2006). Zielsetzung dieses Bandes ist es, in jedem Kapitel zunächst den internationalen Forschungsstand zu rezipieren und anschließend die eigene Forschung der Autorin bzw. des Autors zu präsentieren. Der Band bietet daher sowohl eine breite Aufnahme der aktuellen internationalen politikwissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Debatte um De-Globalisierung als auch die spezifische Expertise der jeweiligen Autorinnen und Autoren. Der Kreis der Verfasserinnen und Verfasser repräsentiert einen zentralen Ausschnitt der deutschsprachigen IPÖ-Community, die überwiegend auf Englisch publiziert. Mit diesem Band sprechen wir nun explizit die im deutschsprachigen Raum Forschenden und Lehrenden an.},
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Dieser Band unternimmt eine Bestandsaufnahme der internationalen politikwissenschaftlichen Forschung über die verschiedenen Facetten der De-Globalisierung. Er folgt auf den Band „Globalisierung. Forschungsstand und Perspektiven“ in die Buchreihe „Internationale Politische Ökonomie“ im Nomos Verlag (Schirm (Hrsg.) 2006). Zielsetzung dieses Bandes ist es, in jedem Kapitel zunächst den internationalen Forschungsstand zu rezipieren und anschließend die eigene Forschung der Autorin bzw. des Autors zu präsentieren. Der Band bietet daher sowohl eine breite Aufnahme der aktuellen internationalen politikwissenschaftlichen Forschung zur Debatte um De-Globalisierung als auch die spezifische Expertise der jeweiligen Autorinnen und Autoren. Der Kreis der Verfasserinnen und Verfasser repräsentiert einen zentralen Ausschnitt der deutschsprachigen IPÖ-Community, die überwiegend auf Englisch publiziert. Mit diesem Band sprechen wir nun explizit die im deutschsprachigen Raum Forschenden und Lehrenden an.
Heldt, Eugénia C.; Mello, Patrick A.; Novoselova, Anna; Oswald, Omar Ramon Serrano
When Do International Organizations Engage in Agency Slack? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of United Nations Institutions Journal Article
In: Global Studies Quarterly, vol. 2, iss. 3, pp. 1-15, 2022.
@article{10.1093/isagsq/ksac035,
title = {When Do International Organizations Engage in Agency Slack? A Qualitative Comparative Analysis of United Nations Institutions},
author = {Eugénia C. Heldt and Patrick A. Mello and Anna Novoselova and Omar Ramon Serrano Oswald},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1093/isagsq/ksac035},
doi = {10.1093/isagsq/ksac035},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-07-01},
urldate = {2022-01-01},
journal = {Global Studies Quarterly},
volume = {2},
issue = {3},
pages = {1-15},
abstract = {The extensive delegation of power to international organizations (IOs) has been accompanied by occasional agency slack. While prior studies suggest that IOs’ propensity for agency slack may be rooted in their organizational characteristics, this has rarely been explored empirically. To address this lacuna, in this article we propose a conceptualization and measurement of agency slack and develop a framework of organizational characteristics. Our empirical analysis applies qualitative comparative analysis to assess the conditions under which agency slack occurs across sixteen United Nations institutions. We complement the cross-case analysis with two case illustrations. Our results document the empirical existence of two paths to agency slack, providing confirmatory evidence for our theoretical expectations. Path 1 combines staffing rules that are favorable for the agent with wide access to third parties. Path 2 entails the combination of favorable staffing rules with extensive delegation of authority and a vague organizational mandate.
L'importante délégation de pouvoir aux organisations internationales (OI) a occasionnellement été accompagnée d'une marge d'agentivité. Bien que des études précédentes suggèrent que la propension des OI à obtenir une marge d'agentivité puisse être ancrée dans les caractéristiques de ces organisations, cela a rarement été étudié d'un point de vue empirique. Dans cet article, nous proposons une conceptualisation et une mesure de cette marge d'agentivité et nous développons un cadre de caractéristiques organisationnelles pour combler cette lacune. Pour notre étude empirique, nous appliquons une Analyse comparative qualitative (ACQ) afin d’évaluer les conditions dans lesquelles la marge d'agentivité intervient dans 16 institutions de l'ONU. Nous complétons l'analyse de cas croisés par deux illustrations de cas. Nos résultats documentent l'existence empirique de deux voies vers la marge d'agentivité tout en fournissant des preuves confirmant nos hypothèses théoriques. La première allie des règles de dotation en personnel qui sont favorables à l'agent puisqu'elles lui offrent un large accès aux tierces parties. Et la deuxième consiste à combiner des règles de dotation en personnel favorables avec une vaste délégation de pouvoir et un mandat organisationnel vague.
La amplia delegación de poderes en las organizaciones internacionales (OI) ha ido acompañada de una ocasional inactividad de los organismos. Si bien estudios anteriores sugieren que la tendencia de las OI a la inactividad está basada en sus características organizativas, esto no se ha estudiado empíricamente. Para abordar esta situación, proponemos en este documento una conceptualización y una valoración de la inactividad de las instituciones y desarrollamos un marco de características organizativas. Nuestro análisis empírico aplica el análisis comparativo cualitativo (Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA) para evaluar las condiciones en las que ocurre dicha inactividad en 16 instituciones de la ONU. Además, complementamos el análisis cruzado de casos con dos ejemplos ilustrativos. Nuestros resultados documentan la existencia empírica de dos caminos hacia la inactividad de las instituciones, lo que brinda evidencia confirmatoria de nuestras expectativas teóricas. El camino 1 combina normas para el personal que son favorables para el agente con amplio acceso a terceros. El camino 2 supone la combinación de normas favorables para el personal con la amplia delegación de la autoridad y un mandato organizativo impreciso.},
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The extensive delegation of power to international organizations (IOs) has been accompanied by occasional agency slack. While prior studies suggest that IOs’ propensity for agency slack may be rooted in their organizational characteristics, this has rarely been explored empirically. To address this lacuna, in this article we propose a conceptualization and measurement of agency slack and develop a framework of organizational characteristics. Our empirical analysis applies qualitative comparative analysis to assess the conditions under which agency slack occurs across sixteen United Nations institutions. We complement the cross-case analysis with two case illustrations. Our results document the empirical existence of two paths to agency slack, providing confirmatory evidence for our theoretical expectations. Path 1 combines staffing rules that are favorable for the agent with wide access to third parties. Path 2 entails the combination of favorable staffing rules with extensive delegation of authority and a vague organizational mandate.
L'importante délégation de pouvoir aux organisations internationales (OI) a occasionnellement été accompagnée d'une marge d'agentivité. Bien que des études précédentes suggèrent que la propension des OI à obtenir une marge d'agentivité puisse être ancrée dans les caractéristiques de ces organisations, cela a rarement été étudié d'un point de vue empirique. Dans cet article, nous proposons une conceptualisation et une mesure de cette marge d'agentivité et nous développons un cadre de caractéristiques organisationnelles pour combler cette lacune. Pour notre étude empirique, nous appliquons une Analyse comparative qualitative (ACQ) afin d’évaluer les conditions dans lesquelles la marge d'agentivité intervient dans 16 institutions de l'ONU. Nous complétons l'analyse de cas croisés par deux illustrations de cas. Nos résultats documentent l'existence empirique de deux voies vers la marge d'agentivité tout en fournissant des preuves confirmant nos hypothèses théoriques. La première allie des règles de dotation en personnel qui sont favorables à l'agent puisqu'elles lui offrent un large accès aux tierces parties. Et la deuxième consiste à combiner des règles de dotation en personnel favorables avec une vaste délégation de pouvoir et un mandat organisationnel vague.
La amplia delegación de poderes en las organizaciones internacionales (OI) ha ido acompañada de una ocasional inactividad de los organismos. Si bien estudios anteriores sugieren que la tendencia de las OI a la inactividad está basada en sus características organizativas, esto no se ha estudiado empíricamente. Para abordar esta situación, proponemos en este documento una conceptualización y una valoración de la inactividad de las instituciones y desarrollamos un marco de características organizativas. Nuestro análisis empírico aplica el análisis comparativo cualitativo (Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA) para evaluar las condiciones en las que ocurre dicha inactividad en 16 instituciones de la ONU. Además, complementamos el análisis cruzado de casos con dos ejemplos ilustrativos. Nuestros resultados documentan la existencia empírica de dos caminos hacia la inactividad de las instituciones, lo que brinda evidencia confirmatoria de nuestras expectativas teóricas. El camino 1 combina normas para el personal que son favorables para el agente con amplio acceso a terceros. El camino 2 supone la combinación de normas favorables para el personal con la amplia delegación de la autoridad y un mandato organizativo impreciso.
L'importante délégation de pouvoir aux organisations internationales (OI) a occasionnellement été accompagnée d'une marge d'agentivité. Bien que des études précédentes suggèrent que la propension des OI à obtenir une marge d'agentivité puisse être ancrée dans les caractéristiques de ces organisations, cela a rarement été étudié d'un point de vue empirique. Dans cet article, nous proposons une conceptualisation et une mesure de cette marge d'agentivité et nous développons un cadre de caractéristiques organisationnelles pour combler cette lacune. Pour notre étude empirique, nous appliquons une Analyse comparative qualitative (ACQ) afin d’évaluer les conditions dans lesquelles la marge d'agentivité intervient dans 16 institutions de l'ONU. Nous complétons l'analyse de cas croisés par deux illustrations de cas. Nos résultats documentent l'existence empirique de deux voies vers la marge d'agentivité tout en fournissant des preuves confirmant nos hypothèses théoriques. La première allie des règles de dotation en personnel qui sont favorables à l'agent puisqu'elles lui offrent un large accès aux tierces parties. Et la deuxième consiste à combiner des règles de dotation en personnel favorables avec une vaste délégation de pouvoir et un mandat organisationnel vague.
La amplia delegación de poderes en las organizaciones internacionales (OI) ha ido acompañada de una ocasional inactividad de los organismos. Si bien estudios anteriores sugieren que la tendencia de las OI a la inactividad está basada en sus características organizativas, esto no se ha estudiado empíricamente. Para abordar esta situación, proponemos en este documento una conceptualización y una valoración de la inactividad de las instituciones y desarrollamos un marco de características organizativas. Nuestro análisis empírico aplica el análisis comparativo cualitativo (Qualitative Comparative Analysis, QCA) para evaluar las condiciones en las que ocurre dicha inactividad en 16 instituciones de la ONU. Además, complementamos el análisis cruzado de casos con dos ejemplos ilustrativos. Nuestros resultados documentan la existencia empírica de dos caminos hacia la inactividad de las instituciones, lo que brinda evidencia confirmatoria de nuestras expectativas teóricas. El camino 1 combina normas para el personal que son favorables para el agente con amplio acceso a terceros. El camino 2 supone la combinación de normas favorables para el personal con la amplia delegación de la autoridad y un mandato organizativo impreciso.
Gastinger, Markus; Heldt, Eugénia C.
Measuring Actual Discretion of the European Commission: Using the Discretion Index to Guide Empirical Research Journal Article
In: European Union Politics, vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 541–558, 2022.
@article{10.1177/14651165221098487,
title = {Measuring Actual Discretion of the European Commission: Using the Discretion Index to Guide Empirical Research},
author = {Markus Gastinger and Eugénia C. Heldt},
doi = {10.1177/14651165221098487},
year = {2022},
date = {2022-05-16},
urldate = {2022-05-16},
journal = {European Union Politics},
volume = {23},
number = {3},
pages = {541–558},
abstract = {One key question in the study of the European Union has always been the extent of Commission discretion. We take the discretion index, typically used by principal–agent scholars to measure the Commission's designed discretion, to measure its actual discretion. Commission designed discretion can today be computationally generated with sufficient accuracy across all secondary acts. The study of designed discretion thus reaches considerable maturity. Therefore, we argue that scholars should prioritize studying Commission actual discretion. We present a systematic and transparent investigative technique based on the discretion index, which we use as a roadmap to guide our empirical investigation. The index facilitates the accumulation of knowledge across policy areas and time by providing exact values for Commission discretion. We illustrate our approach with the Development Cooperation Instrument.},
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One key question in the study of the European Union has always been the extent of Commission discretion. We take the discretion index, typically used by principal–agent scholars to measure the Commission's designed discretion, to measure its actual discretion. Commission designed discretion can today be computationally generated with sufficient accuracy across all secondary acts. The study of designed discretion thus reaches considerable maturity. Therefore, we argue that scholars should prioritize studying Commission actual discretion. We present a systematic and transparent investigative technique based on the discretion index, which we use as a roadmap to guide our empirical investigation. The index facilitates the accumulation of knowledge across policy areas and time by providing exact values for Commission discretion. We illustrate our approach with the Development Cooperation Instrument.
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Journal Articles
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Books
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Book Chapters
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Edited Volumes
- 2019: Legacies and Innovations in Global Economic Governance Since Bretton Woods, Review of International Political Economy 26 (6) (with Orfeo Fioretos).
- 2015: Speaking with a Single Voice: The EU as an Effective Actor in Global Governance. London/New York: Routledge (with Sophie Meunier).
- 2015: Internationale Organisationen: Autonomie, Politisierung, Koordination und Wandel, Politische Vierteljahresschrift Sonderheft 49, Baden-Baden: Nomos (with Andrea Liese und Martin Koch).
- 2014: Speaking with a Single Voice: The EU as an Effective Actor in Global Governance, Special Issue of the Journal of European Public Policy 21 (7) (with Sophie Meunier).
- 2024: The IMF and the Future of the Liberal International Order, Chapter 36, pp. 724-740 (with Orfeo Fioretos), In: Momani, Bessma and Hibben, Mark (eds.): The Oxford Handbook of the International Monetary Fund, London: Oxford University Press.
- 2024: Revitalizing the World Bank: Engagement with the Private sector and Scope Expansion, Chapter 12, pp. 143–153 (with Thomas Dörfler), In: Antje Vetterlein & Tobias Schmidtke (eds.), 2024. “The Elgar Companion to the World Bank,” Books, Edward Elgar Publishing, number 21163.
- 2024: Time in International Organizations and International Organizations in Time. In: Goetz, Klaus H. (ed.): The Oxford Handbook of Time and Politics. Oxford University Press (2. Edition).
- 2022: China und die BRICS in globalen ökonomischen Institutionen, in: Schirm, S. A.; Busch, A.; Lütz, S.; Walter, S.; Zimmermann, H. (Hrsg.) De-Globalisierung: Forschungsstand und Perspektiven, Baden Baden: Nomos, 123-138.
- 2021: Are International Organizations the Tragic Heroes of World Politics?, in: Corinne Michaela Flick (ed.) New Global Alliances: Institutions, Alignments and Legitimacy in the Contemporary World, Wallstein Verlag, forthcoming
- 2021: Decreasing Importance of the UN: The Rise of Informal Organizations. In: Molls, Michael et al. (eds.): Science, Reason & Sustainability. Munich: Technical University Press. forthcoming.
- 2021: Sind internationale Organisationen die tragischen Helden der heutigen globalen Weltordnung?, in: Corinne Michaela Flick (ed.) Neue Konstellationen der Gegenwart: Annäherungen, Institutionen und Legitimität, Wallstein Verlag, 113-128.
- 2020: Sinkende Bedeutung der UNO: Stärkung informeller Organisationen (with Tony Müller). In: Molls, Michael et al. (Hrsg.): Wissenschaft, Vernunft & Nachhaltigkeit. Technische Universität München.
- 2019: Time in Multilateral Negotiations and International Organizations in Time, in: Klaus H. Goetz (ed.) Oxford Handbook of Time and Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- 2018: Two-Level Games in Foreign Policy Analysis, in: Cameron Thies (ed.) Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, DOI: 10.1093/acrefore/97801902228637.013.496 (with Patrick Mello).
- 2017: Multiple Principals’ preferences, Types of Control Mechanisms, and Agent’s Discretion in Trade Negotiations, in: Tom Delreux and Johan Adriaensen (eds.): The Principal Agent Model and the European Union, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 203-226.
- 2016: The European Agricultural Fortress under Attack, in: Hubert Zimmermann and Andreas Dür (eds.), Key Controversies in European Integration, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
- 2013: Adaptation and Change in EU Trade Governance: The EU’s Paradigm Shift from Multilateralism to Regionalism and Bilateralism, in: Manuela Moschella and Catherine Weaver (eds.) Handbook of Global Economic Governance, London: Routledge, 57-69.
- 2012: EU Agricultural and Fisheries Policies: An Economic and Environmental Disaster!, in: Hubert Zimmermann and Andreas Dür (eds.): Key Controversies in European Integration, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 35-244.
- 2010: Portugal: An Active and Influential Parliament?, in: Bjørn Eric Rasch and George Tsebelis (eds.): The Role of Governments in Legislative Agenda Setting, New York & London: Routledge.
- 2007: France: the Importance of the Electoral Cycle, in: Ellen M. Immergut, Karen Anderson and Isabelle Schulze (eds.): The Handbook of West European Pension Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 150-199.
- 2012: Dür, Andreas Protection for Exporters. Power and Discrimination in Transatlantic Trade Relations, 1930-2010, in: Politische Vierteljahresschrift, 53(3): 555-557